Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil and cook the penne according to package directions until al dente; drain and set aside.
While the water heats, season both sides of the chicken cutlets with 1/2 teaspoon salt, 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder, and 1/2 teaspoon pepper.
Heat a large skillet over medium heat and add 1 tablespoon olive oil. When hot, add chicken in a single layer and cook without moving 3–4 minutes, then flip and cook another 3–4 minutes until internal temperature reaches 165°F; remove chicken and keep warm. Cook in batches if needed to avoid overcrowding.
Reduce heat to low and add 4 tablespoons butter to the same skillet. Once melted, whisk in 2 tablespoons flour and cook briefly to form a roux, about 30–60 seconds.
Add the pressed garlic and cook 30–60 seconds more, then pour in 1 cup chicken broth and bring to a gentle simmer to thicken.
Slowly stir in 2 cups heavy cream until smooth, then add 1 teaspoon salt, 1/2 cup grated Parmesan, 8 ounces chopped sun-dried tomatoes, and 1/2 cup chopped fresh basil; simmer briefly to combine and heat through.
Toss the drained pasta with the sauce in the skillet to coat evenly. Slice or place the cooked chicken on top of the pasta.
Garnish with additional basil or Parmesan if desired and serve immediately.