Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the penne pasta and cook according to package instructions until al dente. Drain and set aside, reserving about 1/2 cup of the pasta water for later.
Heat the olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add the diced chicken breast and sprinkle with garlic powder, onion powder, smoked paprika, cayenne pepper, salt, and pepper. Cook, stirring occasionally, until the chicken is browned and cooked through, about 6-8 minutes.
Stir in the minced chipotle pepper in adobo sauce, allowing it to coat the chicken evenly. Pour in the chicken broth and heavy cream, stirring well to combine. Bring the mixture to a gentle simmer, letting it thicken slightly for 3-5 minutes.
Toss in the halved cherry tomatoes and corn kernels. Cook for another 2-3 minutes until the veggies are tender but still vibrant. If the sauce feels too thick, add a splash of the reserved pasta water to loosen it.
Add the cooked penne pasta to the skillet, tossing everything together until the pasta is fully coated in the creamy chipotle sauce. Stir in the grated Parmesan cheese until melted and smooth.
Remove from heat and sprinkle chopped fresh cilantro over the top. Serve immediately for the best flavor and texture.